On International Transgender Day of Visibility, we explore how trans rights have improved over the last century — and listen to people's personal experiences along the way.
By Lydia Smith and Laura Davis; Visuals: Daniele Palumbo; Video: James Lillywhite
Introduction
Transgender voices are louder than ever thanks to public figures like Laverne Cox and Caitlyn Jenner, and policy changes have enshrined trans rights for the first time in history. This hasn't always been the case, though - it has been a long and rocky road for trans rights.
Over the last 100 years, social, political and legislative changes have transformed the landscape for trans representation and visibility in Britain and the US.
On International Transgender Day of Visibility, here is an overview of how times have changed — and how they are continuing to do so.
Click through the timeline below and scroll down to see the history of transgender rights and listen to the stories of people along the way.
1900s-1940s
Ruth's Story
1950s-1960s
Sophie's Story
1970s-1980s
Shaan's Story
1990s-2000s
Student story
2010s-Today
1900s - 1940s
Transgender visibility can be traced back to the early 20th century, to the German physician Magnus Hirschfeld, a key theorist of sexuality and gender and a prominent advocate of gay rights. Unlike other medical professionals of the time, Hirschfeld maintained that sexual orientation was innate and not a deliberate choice.
He is credited with coining the term "transvestite" - which formed the very early basis for our current understanding of being transgender. Hirschfeld would go on to develop the Institute of Sexual Research in Berlin in 1919, where the first sex reassignment surgeries took place.
Lili Elvenes, better known as Lili Elbe, was a Danish transgender woman born in 1882. She was one of the first identifiable recipients of sex reassignment surgery, but died in 1931 due to complications during a uterus transplant.
Elbe was not the first transgender woman to undergo surgery. Dora Richter, born 1891, was castrated at her own request in 1922, a procedure organised by Hirschfeld. With Richter's permission, he began investigating the impact reduced testosterone had on Richter's anatomy.
Ruth's Story
Ruth, 83, is from Sussex. She was previously known as James Rose, an RAF navigator, mechanical engineer and financial consultant. In 2014, she became the oldest person in Britain to have undergone gender reassignment surgery and works around the clock to promote elderly and transgender rights. Rose had known she was a woman from childhood, but because of the atmosphere towards trans people at the time, she was forced to keep her identity hidden in public.
1950s - 1960s
In 1951, Roberta Cowell became the first known British woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery and have her birth certificate changed from male to female. As Robert, she had lived an extraordinary life as a racing driver, a spitfire pilot and a prisoner of war in Germany during the Second World War.
A year later, news of a pioneering sex change operation was announced in the United States. George Jorgensen, a New Yorker from The Bronx, had returned from a trip to Denmark as the glamorous, blonde Christine. Unfazed by her fame, she used it as a platform to promote trans rights. Jorgensen pushed what was largely unthinkable at the time - sexual tolerance and the notion of gender doesn't have to be binary.
In 1964, an American transgender man called Reed Erickson created the Erickson Education Foundation, through which he contributed millions of dollars to the development of LGBTQ movements between the 1960s and 1980s. The organisation also provided information and counselling resource for transgender people. Two years later, in 1966, the Beaumont Society was set up in the UK to provide information to the general public about the transgender community - and it is still running to this day.
Three years before the Stonewall riots, a violent uprising took place on the west coast of States. In San Francisco, the police had been targeting and harassing the transgender community for years, for wearing the wrong clothing and using make up at a time when gender was believed to be strictly binary.
In August 1966, at Compton's Cafeteria in the city's Tenderloin district, violence erupted when officers hauled one woman away. Enraged, she threw her cup of coffee in his face and all hell broke loose - chairs were thrown, windows were smashed and a nearby newsstand was burned to the ground.
The riot at Compton's was barely covered by the press at the time, but a few years later, the Stonewall riots brought LGBTQ activism to the forefront of society. Although most people associated the demonstrations at the Stonewall Inn exclusively with gay rights, it was also a milestone for transgender activism - with several key trans names involved in the riot.
Sylvia Riviera, a Puerto Rican transgender woman and drag queen, was in the crowd that gathered outside the Stonewall Inn as anger swelled. According to reports, Riviera was the first bystander to throw a bottle, shouting "It's the revolution!"
Marsha Johnson, a close friend of Riviera, was another unsung hero of the riots. While celebrating her 25th birthday at the Stonewall Inn the night the police raid began, the outspoken African American was at the centre of the movement. After Stonewall, Johnson and Riviera co-founded the organisation STAR - Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries - which was dedicated to helping young drag queens and trans women of colour.
Sophie's Story
Sophie, 50, is a newscaster for Brighton's Latest TV, a chat show host and the first trans woman to work in the Premier League, as club photographer for AFC Bournemouth. Sophie is a transgender rights activist and a anti-hate crime ambassador for Sussex Police.
1970s - 1980s
Despite progress in the 1960s to raise awareness of the transgender community, the year 1971 marked a setback for trans rights in the UK with the Corbett v Corbett divorce case. It changed the direction trans rights for the worse, ending the routine - yet unofficial - "correcting" of birth certificates to reflect the acquired identity of trans people. It created a legal precedent that allowed the widespread practice of legal discrimination against trans and intersex people.
The following year, however, trans rights took turn for the better after Sweden legalised gender reassignment, becoming the first country in the world to do so. This year also marked the first Pride held in London, which attracted around 2,000 participants. Still a huge milestone in the LGBTQ calendar, more than one million people head to the capital's Pride festival every year.
In 1977, the New York Supreme Court ruled in favour of trans woman Renee Richards playing professional tennis in the women's league, in a case against the Tennis Association - which was huge progress for trans sports players. Two years later, the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association was founded, which now operates as the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. It is dedicated to the understanding and treatment of gender identity disorders.
In the 1980s, at a time when homophobia, transphobia and misunderstanding of gender-issues was life, an unknown killer began to take the lives of people: AIDS. The first case in the UK was recorded in 1981, when a 49-year-old man was admitted to a London hospital with a form of pneumonia and died ten days later. As was the case in the US, his death - and others - sparked fears, discrimination and stigma towards LGBTQ people.
Margaret Thatcher introduced the pernicious and homophobic Section 28 of the Local Government Act - which banned the "promoting" homosexuality or gay "pretended family relationships", and prevented councils spending money on educational materials and projects perceived to promote a gay lifestyle.
As a result, many schools played it safe with a blanket ban on LGBT teaching - which ended any progress made in including gender and sexuality in education. At a time when transgender people were assumed to be homosexual, it led to further discrimination.
Some progress was made to improve trans rights, however. In 1986, Lou Sullivan set up the first advocacy group for trans men in the States, which led to greater visibility. He died of AIDS-related complications in 1991. In 1987, the International Foundation for Gender Education was founded in the UK.
Shaan's Story
Surat-Shaan Knan is the founder and manager of the landmark Lottery Heritage funded projects Rainbow Jews and Twilight People. Surat-Shaan Knan works for the Liberal Jewish movement UK and is a campaigner for faith-related LGBTQI* issues. Twilight People is launching an app on International Transgender Day of Visibility.
1990s - 2000s
The release of the documentary Paris is Burning in 1991 was a major boost for trans visibility. It detailed the lives of people in the the Harlem drag ballroom subculture of the late 80s, following African American and Hispanic gay men, drag queens and trans women as they competed in fierce competitions involving fashion runways and voguing. The first of its kind, it sparked discussion and debate around gender and sexuality and continues to influence shows today, most notably, RuPaul's Drag Race.
But not all films or television portrayed the transgender community in a positive light. Some mainstream shows normalised the mocking of transgender people. In Friends, Chandler's father, a drag queen and trans women, was the butt of every joke. In the League of Gentlemen, a British black comedy series, plays on the tired trope that trans people are obscene. Even family-friendly big screen hits like Ace Ventura Pet Detective exhibit transphobic tendencies - after Ace finds out he has kissed a man dressed as a woman, he is violently sick, burns his clothes and cries.
In the 1990s, there was a greater visibility of violence targeting the transgender people. The rape and murder of Brandon Teena, a trans man from Nebraska, was one of the most abhorrent and high-profile deaths in the trans community. His story was told through the film Boys Don't Cry, released in 1999. In 1998, Rita Hester, a transgender African American woman was murdered. Her death led to the first Transgender Day of Remembrance being marked in 1999. That same year, soldier Barry Winchell was killed by other soldiers for being in a relationship with a trans woman.
Various groups were launched, including the legal support group for trans people Press for Change in 1991 and Mermaids in 1995, which continues to offer support for children with gender issues and their parents. In a landmark legal case in 1996, a court found an employee who was about to undergo gender reassignment surgery was wrongfully dismissed. It was the first piece of case law in the world which prevented employment discrimination against a trans person.
Organisations, legal cases and landmark laws began to establish trans rights and visibility further. In 2002, the Transgender Law Center was founded and the Goodwin v the United Kingdom ruled that the British government should accommodate the needs of trans people by issuing new birth certificates and permitting marriage to someone of the opposite gender.
The Gender Recognition Act was passed in 2004 and for the first time, trans people were given full legal recognition. It allowed trans people to acquire a new birth certificate, although gender option were still limited to "male" or "female".
As violence against trans people continues, there was some progress in holding perpetrators to account. When transgender teenager Angie Zapata was murdered in Colorado in 2008, her killer was the first in the US to be prosecuted for a hate crime against trans people.
Compared to the transphobic rhetoric of TV in the 1990s, the noughties introduced a new era of acceptance. In 2007, American actress Candis Cayne starred on primetime TV in Dirty Sexy Money. In 2008, America's Next Top Model featured Isis King, who became one of the most visible trans people in the United States. In 2009, Chaz Bono, the only child of Sonny and Cher, announced he was transgender. That year, RuPaul's Drag Race aired for the first time.
Student Story
Rue, Meg and Alison are all university students at the University of Sussex and are members of the LGBTQ Society. Rue is the trans representative of the society and organises events for trans students, such as craft groups and trans rights activism on campus.
2010s - Today
A major breakthrough for trans rights came in the form of the Equality Act in 2010, which officially added gender reassignment as a protected characteristic in the UK. It requires equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public sector services. In 2013, the Same-Sex Couples Act was passed in England and Wales.
At the same time, transgender visibility continued to improve. In 2010, American actress Laverne Cox features in TRANSform Me, making her the first African-American trans woman to produce and star in her own TV show. Cox went on to play Sophia Burset in Orange is the New Black, for which she became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the acting category.
Trans visibility also begins to improve in politics and sports. In 2010, Amanda Simpson becomes the first trans Government employee in the US. A year later, Kye Allums becomes the first trans man to play basketball for the National Collegiate Athletic Association in 2011.
A big breakthrough in terms of visibility came when Caitlyn Jenner, an Olympic icon, appeared on the front cover of Vanity Fair in 2015. She candidly detailed her experience of becoming Caitlyn - and has since been dubbed one of the most high-profile transgender women in the world.
In the same year, American Vogue featured Serbian-born model Andreja Pejic as the first trans woman on the front cover. Chris Mosier became the first trans Team USA member. LGBTQ rights charity Stonewall extended its remit to campaign for trans equality and the Women and Equalities Committee in the UK held its first enquiry into trans rights, which detailed the discrimination, harassment and stigma many people still face.
The climate for transgender people has changed dramatically and it is continuing to improve. But this isn't to say there aren't problems. Violence, harassment and hostility, particularly towards black and ethnic minority trans people, is commonplace.
Certain guidelines and laws have also created setbacks, including North Carolina's HB2 law introduced in 2016, which forces people to use public toilets or facilities that correspond with the gender they were assigned at birth. In 2017, US President Donald Trump rescinded the guidelines which allowed transgender students to use toilets and locker rooms that matched their gender identity.
